References

  1. Sudlow C, Warlow C: Comparable studies of the incidence of stroke and its pathological types: results from an international collaboration. International Stroke Incidence Collaboration.

    Stroke 1997, 28(3):491-499. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text OpenURL

  2. Mackay J, Mensch G:

    The atlas of heart disease and stroke. 2004. OpenURL

  3. Hurn P, Vannucci S, Hagberg H: Adult or perinatal brain injury: does sex matter?

    Stroke 2005, 36:193-195. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text OpenURL

  4. McCullough LD, Zeng Z, Blizzard KK, Debchoudhury I, Hurn PD: Ischemic nitric oxide and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 in cerebral ischemia: male toxicity, female protection.

    J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2005, 25(4):502-512. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text OpenURL

  5. McCullough L, Blizzard K, Simpson E, Oz O, Hurn P: Aromatase cytochrome P450 and extragonadal estrogen play a role in ischemic neuroprotection.

    J Neurosci 2003, 23(25):8701-8705. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text OpenURL

  6. Anderson G, Limacher M, Assaf A, Bassford T, Beresford S, Black H, Bonds D, Brunner R, Brzyski R, Caan B, Chlebowski R, Curb D, Gass M, Hays J, Heiss G, Hendrix S, Howard BV, Hsia J, Hubbell A, Jackson R, Johnson KC, Judd H, Kotchen JM, Kuller L, LaCroix AZ, Lane D, Langer RD, Lasser N, Lewis CE, Manson J, Margolis K, Ockene J, O'Sullivan MJ, Phillips L, Prentice RL, Ritenbaugh C, Robbins J, Rossouw JE, Sarto G, Stefanick ML, Van Horn L, Wactawski-Wende J, Wallace R, Wassertheil-Smoller S: Effects of conjugated equine estrogen in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy: the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial.

    JAMA 2004, 291(14):1701-1712. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text OpenURL

  7. Rosamond W, Flegal K, Friday G, Furie K, Go A, Greenlund K, Haase N, Ho M, Howard V, Kissela B, Kittner S, Lloyd-Jones D, McDermott M, Meigs J, Moy C, Nichol G, O'Donnell CJ, Roger V, Rumsfeld J, Sorlie P, Steinberger J, Thom T, Wasserthiel-Smoller S, Hong Y: Heart disease and stroke statistics–2007 update: a report from the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee.

    Circulation 2007, 115:e69-171. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text OpenURL

  8. Johnston M, Hagberg H: Sex and the pathogenesis of cerebral palsy.

    Dev Med Child Neurol 2007, 49(1):74-78. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text OpenURL

  9. Fullerton H, Wu Y, Zhao S, Johnston S: Risk of stroke in children: ethnic and gender disparities.

    Neurology 2003, 61(2):189-194. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text OpenURL

  10. Marlow N, Wolke D, Bracewell M, Samara M: Neurologic and developmental disability at six years of age after extremely preterm birth.

    N Engl J Med 2005, 352(1):9-19. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text OpenURL

  11. Nijboer C, Kavelaars A, van Bel F, Heijnen C, Groenendaal F: Gender-dependent pathways of hypoxia-ischemia-induced cell death and neuroprotection in the immature P3 rat.

    Dev Neurosci 2007, 29(4-5):385-392. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text OpenURL

  12. Mabley JG, Horvath EM, Murthy KG, Zsengeller Z, Vaslin A, Benko R, Kollai M, Szabo C: Gender differences in the endotoxin-induced inflammatory and vascular responses: potential role of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase activation.

    J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2005, 315(2):812-820. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text OpenURL

  13. McCullough L, Hurn P: Estrogen and ischemic neuroprotection: an integrated view.

    Trends Endocrinol Metab 2003, 14(5):228-235. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text OpenURL

  14. Alonso de Leciñana M, Egido J: Estrogens as neuroprotectants against ischemic stroke.

    Cerebrovasc Dis 2006, 21(Suppl 2):48-53. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text OpenURL

  15. Brann D, Dhandapani K, Wakade C, Mahesh V, Khan M: Neurotrophic and neuroprotective actions of estrogen: basic mechanisms and clinical implications.

    Steroids 2007, 72(5):381-405. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text OpenURL

  16. Cheng J, Alkayed N, Hurn P: Deleterious effects of dihydrotestosterone on cerebral ischemic injury.

    J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2007, 27(9):1553-1562. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text OpenURL

  17. Ryan B, Vandenbergh J: Intrauterine position effects.

    Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2002, 26:665-678. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text OpenURL

  18. Ford G: Clinical pharmacological issues in the development of acute stroke therapies.

    Br J Pharmacol 2008, 153(Suppl 1):S112-119. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text OpenURL

  19. Savitz S, Fisher M: Future of neuroprotection for acute stroke: in the aftermath of the SAINT trials.

    Ann Neurol 2007, 61(5):396-402. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text OpenURL

  20. Yamori Y, Horie R, Handa H, Sato M, Fukase M: Pathogenetic similarity of strokes in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats and humans.

    Stroke 1976, 7(1):46-53. PubMed Abstract OpenURL

  21. Du L, Bayir H, Lai Y, Zhang X, Kochanek PM, Watkins SC, Graham SH, Clark RS: Innate gender-based proclivity in response to cytotoxicity and programmed cell death pathway.

    J Biol Chem 2004, 279(37):38563-38570. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text OpenURL

  22. Renolleau S, Fau S, Goyenvalle C, Joly LM, Chauvier D, Jacotot E, Mariani J, Charriaut-Marlangue C: Specific caspase inhibitor Q-VD-OPh prevents neonatal stroke in P7 rat: a role for gender.

    J Neurochem 2007, 100(4):1062-1071. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text OpenURL

  23. Wen T, Rogido M, Peng H, Genetta T, Moore J, Sola A: Gender differences in long-term beneficial effects of erythropoietin given after neonatal stroke in postnatal day-7 rats.

    Neuroscience 2006, 139(3):803-811. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text OpenURL

  24. Bona E, Hagberg H, Løberg E, Bågenholm R, Thoresen M: Protective effects of moderate hypothermia after neonatal hypoxia-ischemia: short- and long-term outcome.

    Pediatr Res 1998, 43(6):738-745. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text OpenURL

  25. Pilote L, Dasgupta K, Guru V, Humphries K, McGrath J, Norris C, Rabi D, Tremblay J, Alamian A, Barnett T, Cox J, Ghali WA, Grace S, Hamet P, Ho T, Kirkland S, Lambert M, Libersan D, O'Loughlin J, Paradis G, Petrovich M, Tagalakis V: A comprehensive view of sex-specific issues related to cardiovascular disease.

    CMAJ 2007, 176(6):S1-44. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text OpenURL

  26. Iliescu R, Reckelhoff J: Sex and the kidney.

    Hypertension 2008, 51:1000-1001. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text OpenURL

  27. Yanes L, Sartori-Valinotti J, Reckelhoff J: Sex steroids and renal disease: lessons from animal studies.

    Hypertension 2008, 51(4):976-981. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text OpenURL

  28. Cao Z, Liu L, Packwood W, Merkel M, Hurn P, Van Winkle D: Sex differences in the mechanism of Met5-enkephalin-induced cardioprotection: role of PI3K/Akt.

    Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2008, 294(1):H302-310. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text OpenURL

  29. Bushnell C: Stroke and the female brain.

    Nat Clin Pract Neurol 2008, 4:22-33. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text OpenURL

  30. Fisher M: [The objective of acute stroke therapy and neuroprotective therapeutic approaches].

    Rev Neurol 1999, 29(6):536-544. PubMed Abstract OpenURL

  31. Tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke. The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke rt-PA Stroke Study Group

    N Engl J Med 1995, 333:1581-1587. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text OpenURL

  32. Hu BR, Liu CL, Ouyang Y, Blomgren K, Siesjo BK: Involvement of caspase-3 in cell death after hypoxia-ischemia declines during brain maturation.

    J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2000, 20(9):1294-1300. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text OpenURL

  33. Elmore S: Apoptosis: a review of programmed cell death.

    Toxicol Pathol 2007, 35:495-516. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text OpenURL

  34. Rupinder S, Gurpreet A, Manjeet S: Cell suicide and caspases.

    Vascul Pharmacol 2007, 46:383-393. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text OpenURL

  35. Susin S, Daugas E, Ravagnan L, Samejima K, Zamzami N, Loeffler M, Costantini P, Ferri K, Irinopoulou T, Prévost M, Brothers G, Mak TW, Penninger J, Earnshaw WC, Kroemer G: Two distinct pathways leading to nuclear apoptosis.

    J Exp Med 2000, 192(4):571-580. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text OpenURL

  36. Hoffman G, Merchenthaler I, Zup S: Neuroprotection by ovarian hormones in animal models of neurological disease.

    Endocrine 2006, 29(2):217-231. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text OpenURL

  37. Heyer A, Hasselblatt M, von Ahsen N, Hafner H, Siren AL, Ehrenreich H: In vitro gender differences in neuronal survival on hypoxia and in 17beta-estradiol-mediated neuroprotection.

    J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2005, 25(4):427-430. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text OpenURL

  38. Liu M, Hurn PD, Roselli CE, Alkayed NJ: Role of P450 aromatase in sex-specific astrocytic cell death.

    J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2007, 27(1):135-141. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text OpenURL

  39. Renolleau S, Fau S, Charriaut-Marlangue C: Gender-related differences in apoptotic pathways after neonatal cerebral ischemia.

    Neuroscientist 2008, 14(1):46-52. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text OpenURL

  40. Alkayed N, Harukuni I, Kimes A, London E, Traystman R, Hurn P: Gender-linked brain injury in experimental stroke.

    Stroke 1998, 29(1):159-165. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text OpenURL

    discussion 166.

  41. McCullough L, Alkayed N, Traystman R, Williams M, Hurn P: Postischemic estrogen reduces hypoperfusion and secondary ischemia after experimental stroke.

    Stroke 2001, 32(3):796-802. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text OpenURL

  42. Zhang L, Li PP, Feng X, Barker JL, Smith SV, Rubinow DR: Sex-related differences in neuronal cell survival and signaling in rats.

    Neurosci Lett 2003, 337(2):65-68. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text OpenURL

  43. Arnold A, Burgoyne P: Are XX and XY brain cells intrinsically different?

    Trends Endocrinol Metab 2004, 15(1):6-11. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text OpenURL

  44. Arnold A, Xu J, Grisham W, Chen X, Kim Y, Itoh Y: Minireview: Sex chromosomes and brain sexual differentiation.

    Endocrinology 2004, 145(3):1057-1062. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text OpenURL

  45. Carruth L, Reisert I, Arnold A: Sex chromosome genes directly affect brain sexual differentiation.

    Nat Neurosci 2002, 5(10):933-934. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text OpenURL

  46. Dewing P, Shi T, Horvath S, Vilain E: Sexually dimorphic gene expression in mouse brain precedes gonadal differentiation.

    Brain Res Mol Brain Res 2003, 118(1-2):82-90. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text OpenURL

  47. Xu J, Disteche C: Sex differences in brain expression of X- and Y-linked genes.

    Brain Res 2006, 1126(1):50-55. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text OpenURL

  48. Li H, Pin S, Zeng Z, Wang M, Andreasson K, McCullough L: Sex differences in cell death.

    Ann Neurol 2005, 58:317-321. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text OpenURL

  49. Carswell H, Dominiczak A, Macrae I: Estrogen status affects sensitivity to focal cerebral ischemia in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats.

    Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2000, 278(1):H290-294. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text OpenURL

  50. Tweel E, van Bel F, Kavelaars A, Peeters-Scholte C, Haumann J, Nijboer C, Heijnen C, Groenendaal F: Long-term neuroprotection with 2-iminobiotin, an inhibitor of neuronal and inducible nitric oxide synthase, after cerebral hypoxia-ischemia in neonatal rats.

    J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2005, 25(1):67-74. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text OpenURL

  51. Nijboer C, Groenendaal F, Kavelaars A, Hagberg H, van Bel F, Heijnen C: Gender-specific neuroprotection by 2-iminobiotin after hypoxia-ischemia in the neonatal rat via a nitric oxide independent pathway.

    J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2007, 27:282-292. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text OpenURL

  52. Moroni F: Poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase 1 (PARP-1) and postischemic brain damage.

    Curr Opin Pharmacol 2008, 8(1):96-103. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text OpenURL

  53. Hagberg H, Wilson MA, Matsushita H, Zhu C, Lange M, Gustavsson M, Poitras MF, Dawson TM, Dawson VL, Northington F, Johnston MV: PARP-1 gene disruption in mice preferentially protects males from perinatal brain injury.

    J Neurochem 2004, 90(5):1068-1075. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text OpenURL

  54. Zhu C, Wang X, Huang Z, Qiu L, Xu F, Vahsen N, Nilsson M, Eriksson PS, Hagberg H, Culmsee C, Plesnila N, Kroemer G, Blomgren K: Apoptosis-inducing factor is a major contributor to neuronal loss induced by neonatal cerebral hypoxia-ischemia.

    Cell Death Differ 2007, 14(4):775-784. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text OpenURL

  55. Culmsee C, Zhu C, Landshamer S, Becattini B, Wagner E, Pellecchia M, Pellechia M, Blomgren K, Plesnila N: Apoptosis-inducing factor triggered by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase and Bid mediates neuronal cell death after oxygen-glucose deprivation and focal cerebral ischemia.

    J Neurosci 2005, 25(44):10262-10272. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text OpenURL

  56. Zhu C, Xu F, Wang X, Shibata M, Uchiyama Y, Blomgren K, Hagberg H: Different apoptotic mechanisms are activated in male and female brains after neonatal hypoxia-ischaemia.

    J Neurochem 2006, 96(4):1016-1027. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text OpenURL

  57. Li K, Futrell N, Tovar S, Wang L, Wang D, Schultz L: Gender influences the magnitude of the inflammatory response within embolic cerebral infarcts in young rats.

    Stroke 1996, 27(3):498-503. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text OpenURL

  58. Fishelson Z, Attali G, Mevorach D: Complement and apoptosis.

    Mol Immunol 2001, 38:207-219. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text OpenURL

  59. Park E, Cho S, Frys K, Glickstein S, Zhou P, Anrather J, Ross M, Iadecola C: Inducible nitric oxide synthase contributes to gender differences in ischemic brain injury.

    J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2006, 26(3):392-401. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text OpenURL

  60. Kitano H, Young J, Cheng J, Wang L, Hurn P, Murphy S: Gender-specific response to isoflurane preconditioning in focal cerebral ischemia.

    J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2007, 27(7):1377-1386. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text OpenURL